April's Chapter meeting will take place on Sunday, April 18th at 3:00 PM. Register at this link to join us in our virtual meeting room. Our guest speaker will be Jeny Davis, coordinator of the Desert Botanical Garden’s Metro Phoenix EcoFlora. Jeny will share details about the City Nature Challenge, a global competition which takes […]
Ashley Hall Yellow Bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) is a perennial grass introduced to the United States from Europe and Asia in the early 1900s as a way to control erosion and as a forage species. In the past several years, this species has become an emerging invasive in Arizona, negatively affecting the habitats it invades in […]
sponsored by Audubon Southwest featuring Dara Saville an herbalist, geographer, writer, mother, and native plant advocate out of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The webinar will be held Thursday April 29th at 5 pm AZ time. There is a small donation requested. Find out more at Webinar Registration | Audubon New Mexico.
City Nature Challenge - April & May 2021 Join the Phoenix Chapter in participating in the City Nature Challenge 2021! At April's Chapter meeting, our guest speaker was Jeny Davis, coordinator of the Desert Botanical Garden’s Metro Phoenix EcoFlora. We invite you to watch the recording of her presentation to learn about the City Nature […]
Are you ready and willing to get out in the desert and kill? Yuma Chapter has again been asked by Marine Corps Air Station Yuma and partners to join other volunteers in a buffelgrass removal effort the morning of May 2nd. We will convene at 7:30 am at the Foothills Library parking lot and caravan […]
This presentation will explore climate model projections for Arizona and what they mean in terms of potential changes in temperatures and precipitation patterns in coming decades.
Jesse Mike - Dine Native Plant Program
Please email jdougripley@gmail.com for a link to this Zoom meeting.
Email FlagstaffAZNPS@gmail.com to get the Zoom link and password for this presentation.
Our Summer meeting will focus on how the desert springs back to life when the rains come! We’ll begin with Chapter announcements and business. Next, we'll have a guided discussion on a book chosen by members to read (see below). Also, our Vice-President will give a short presentation on the plants she has seen greening […]
Email FlagstaffAZNPS@gmail.com to get the Zoom link and password for this presentation.
A Starving Man Does Not Sniff his Food: Plants Used as Famine Foods Contact nativeplantstucson@gmail.com for the Zoom link for this meeting.
Email FlagstaffAZNPS@gmail.com to get the Zoom link and password for this presentation.
Fall is the perfect time to plant wildflower seeds. So, join us to learn more about a local, FREE source for seeds! Also, hear what it's like to take a seed library from dream to reality.
The Phoenix Chapter is collaborating with the Metro Phoenix EcoFlora on this month's EcoQuest. During October, use iNaturalist to observe and identify Fountain grass as well as native grasses. If you find fountain grass, follow through with one of the suggested calls to action to help prevent the spread of this noxious weed!
Elfin Saddles, Wolf’s Milk and Witch’s Butter: The Fungi and Slime Molds of Southern Arizona Contact nativeplantstucson@gmail for the link to the Zoom Meeting.
Email FlagstaffAZNPS@gmail.com to get the Zoom link and password for this presentation.
We are teaming up with the Arizona Master Naturalists - Maricopa County Parks Chapter for their October book club meeting! We will discuss Aldo Leopold's classic book A Sand County Almanac. To participate in our discussion, please locate and read the book in the coming weeks. This event will take place via Zoom, hosted by […]
Watch for registration via Eventbrite in October.
Native Orchids of Arizona Contact nativeplantstucson@gmail.com for link to the Zoom meeting.
The Native Bees of Arizona, presented by Kathryn Busby This presentation will introduce Arizona native bees, highlight some of those bees most important to pollinating Arizona’s native plants, and explain the challenges they face and ways we may protect them.
Tucson Chapter Meeting
Thursday, January 13, 2022 at 7:00 pm via Zoom
We have a growing community of native plant lovers and supporters! So, we’re starting the new year with an interactive meeting to get to know each other better and help shape our vision for the future. During this virtual meeting, we will have our annual Chapter election and productive discussions on the following topics: Member […]
Jonathan Horst: "Killing Exotic Invasive Species to Save Native Birds." The lives of birds and many other organisms are intricately intertwined with native plants for food and shelter. We’ll explore some of the specific deleterious impacts that non-native plants have on local birds—from wholesale landscape conversions as a result of inappropriate fires, to energetic stresses […]
Member only and public sale days and times may vary. See Desert Survivors website for details.
SATURDAY MARCH 19, 2022 at 8:00 am Open field trip for all interested and vaccinated participants What spring plants will take the leap in this dry spring and flower? We'll take a relaxed plant ramble to see what we can find. Meet at the information kiosk/donor mural at the trailhead near the parking lot at […]
We'll begin this virtual meeting with 10 minutes of networking and socializing, enabling participants to seek native plant recommendations and advice from members. Next, we'll move onto Chapter announcements. Then, we'll feature a presentation by former Chapter President, Cass Blodgett, followed by Q&A. Cass will share his experiences growing a wide variety of native plants […]
Speaker: Sue Rutman, "Spring Wildflowers of the Sonoran Desert" Will the Sonoran Desert have a good wildflower season? There’s no way to know if it will, but we can all see some wildflowers at this presentation! Take a walk through the winter/spring annual plants with Sue. See some all-time favorites and some more unusual species. […]
Climate Projections on the Navajo Nation, presented by Jaime Yazzie, Forestry Consultant. Additional information available on the chapter Facebook page, or ask to be included on the email list by contacting naris12@cs.com Annual Election of Officers
Member only and public sale dates vary. See the Tohono Chul website for details.
SATURDAY MARCH 19, 2022 at 8:00 am Spring plant ramble at Catalina State Park, Oro Valley, AZ on Saturday, March 19, 2022 Open field trip for all interested and vaccinated participants Meet at the information kiosk/donor mural at the trailhead near the parking lot at Catalina State Park at 8:00 am. Park admission requires an […]
Finding and collecting early spring bloomers on the museum grounds. Learn basic plant collecting techniques and see our first spring wildflowers.
FRIDAY MARCH 25, 2022 Spring plant ramble at Painted Hills County Park, on West Anklam Road, Tucson at 7:30 am on March 25, 2022 Open field trip for all interested and vaccinated participants. Meet at the Painted Hills County Park parking lot at 7:30 am to search for spring flowers and other desert plants. There […]
Spring Plant Sale at Scottsdale Community College's Center for Native and Urban Wildlife (CNUW). Proceeds fund future student projects and restoration work. March 31 to April 1, 2022 from 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM. During the event, they are also accepting donations of used pots (especially 1 gallon size) which they will happily reuse in […]
It’s the first meeting of the White Mountain Chapter. Here’s the agenda for this first meeting: 10:00 – 10:30: Welcome and Introductions 10:30 – 10:45: How to become a member and why it is important 10:45 – 11:00: Planning for Native/Southwestern Adapted Plant Sale on the last weekend in May. We need committee members and […]
Finding and collecting spring bloomers along the Rio de Flag on the Museum of Northern Arizona grounds.
Speaker: Fred Heath, "Bodacious Butterflies" Description: Anyone present in SE Arizona in the second half of 2021 couldn’t help but notice the unprecedented abundance of butterflies. Fred will present a brief primer on butterfly biology: life cycle, host vs. nectar plants, predators and avoidance including mimicry which will help explain this phenomenal flight. In addition, […]
A gathering to celebrate the memory of Richard Felger is planned for Saturday, April 16, 2022, 1-3pm in Tucson, Arizona. The celebration is being hosted by the Herbarium at the University of Arizona, and will be held in the patios surrounding the Herbarium at Herring Hall on the UofA Campus, 1130 E South Campus Dr. […]
Subject and speaker to be announced.
Join us for an informative class where we will cover all things related to running and managing a native plant nursery, including propagating native plants from both seeds and cuttings including seed and plant sourcing, plant lists, dormancy, mechanical scarification, temperature stratification, transplanting, pot sizes for retail vs. restoration needs, irrigation, soil type, and timelines. […]
https://www.borderlandsplants.org
The weather is warming up and the plants are starting to wake. We're going to play "Native Plant Bingo" and take a closer look at what's blooming in our beautiful mountains! We'll be gathering at the Blue Ridge Cave Trail, off Porter Mountain Road in Pinetop-Lakeside. (across from the Humane Society). Parking will be limited, […]
Enjoy a free day at Tohono Chul! It’s a family-friendly, free event to celebrate public gardens, community, and you! Enjoy activities and entertainment alongside the beautiful gardens while learning more about the Sonoran Desert!
https://www.borderlandsplants.org
Speaker: Wynne Brown presents "The Forgotten Botanist; Sara Plummer Lemmon’s Life of Science and Art" Description: Wynne will share with us the story behind the recent publication of her book celebrating the life of Sara Plummer Lemmon, commemorated in the naming of Mt. Lemmon. Biographical information: Wynne Brown is a free lance author, editor and […]
We’ll begin this virtual meeting with 10 minutes of networking and socializing, enabling participants to seek tips and recommendations from members on topics related to native plants. Next, we’ll share Chapter announcements. Then, we’ll feature a presentation by the Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD), followed by Q&A. We'll learn about the desert tortoise, including […]
Topic and speaker to be determined.
May 21, 10am-2pm 4th CMGA Plant Sale and Garden Festival at Colton Community Garden This will be a fun event including 3 garden talks, a tool sharpener, children's activity area, a Bake Sale from Northland Hospice, a food truck - the Dog House, and many plants, and garden related vendors.
Field trip south of Flagstaff to see Bitterroot (Lewisia brachycalyx) or to Grand Canyon National Park south rim to see Lewisia redivia. Own transportation required.
Join Borderlands Nursery & Seed for an informative class where they will cover all things native plant nursery related, including propagating native plants from both seeds and cuttings, seed and plant sourcing, plant lists, dormancy, mechanical scarification, temperature stratification, transplanting, pot sizes for retail vs. restoration needs, irrigation, soil type, and timelines. They'll also […]
Running now through June 24, 2022
Mark your calendar and check the Flagstaff Arboretum website for confirmation of time and other details.
https://www.borderlandsplants.org
https://www.borderlandsplants.org
Member and only and public sale days and times may vary. See Desert Survivors website for details.
Field Trips, Photo Events, Workshops and Socials, Nature Expo. 2022 registration is now open!
We are happy to inform you that after a two-year hiatus, the Executive Committee of the Tucson Chapter has decided to bring back the Monsoon Mixer Event. The Monsoon Mixer will take place on Friday, August 12th, at 6:30 pm at the Mercado Annex, located at 267 South Avenida del Convento. We have rented the outdoor event space at […]
Place orders in advance via the Highlands Center website. Drive-through pick-up is September 9th & 10th from 8 AM – 2 PM.
Come join the White Mountain Chapter for an August native plant walk! This is a free event and a great way to get to see what grows on our mountain. This time we'll be heading over to the West Fork Little Colorado River in Greer, AZ, off Big Lake Highway. We will be gathering at Little […]
This lecture is an exploration of the plant life found in the McDowell Sonoran Preserve and focuses on native cacti, trees, and large shrubs. Presented by the McDowell Sonoran Conservancy.
We will do a 2.5 hour, leisurely hike around the Canyon Loop trail, looking for wildflowers and enjoying the monsoon desert habitat.
Learn about "local native plants that are seen in the wild and natives that can be found in nurseries.” The Plant Sale will begin after the talk and presentation are completed.
The Waterman Restoration site on Ironwood Forest National monument is now in full desert recovery. We will stroll through a desert in various stages of restoration, walking among mid-size and newly emerging desert trees, ocotillos, and bushes; learning how to identify them in different phases.
Join in this summer as we read and discuss the book The Hidden Life of Trees by Peter Wohlleben.
Enjoy a delightful morning exploring several different habitats including desert grassland and active riparian forest with a wonderful diversity of plants and flowers plus butterflies, lizards, birds and other creatures. This Pima County park is a gem.
The speaker will describe her studies of the floral biology, genetics, and ecology of Coral Bean, Erythrina flabelliformis, in the Sky Islands of Arizona.
This webinar will feature several speakers who have created seed libraries of different types. Presenters will describe how to initiate a seed library and challenges faced.
A map will be posted on our Facebook page next week Event is listed here on FB: https://fb.me/e/B1YirGka7
Mark your calendar and check the Flagstaff Arboretum website for times and more details closer to the event date.
Field trip in the Chiricahua Mtns. Initial-Announcement-07-22-2022-Revised Chiricahua-Reg-Form-2022
Digitally submit your work to the CNPS art and photo contest for the chance to be featured at the 2022 CNPS Conference! We invite artists and photographers to share work that explores the interrelationships between native plants, places, and people. All accepted submissions will be displayed on the conference website and virtually projected during every […]
This 2-mile walk through desert and riperian habitats will showcase the monsoon wildflowers of the Tucson area and Catalina State Park.
Member only and public days and times may vary. See Desert Survivors website for details.
Saturday, September 24th and Sunday, September 25th (two tour alternatives) Meet at the Waterman Restoration Site in Tucson Directions: 19 Miles east of I-10 on Avra Valley Road, turn left at the Pioneer sign, drive one mile ahead and bear left all the way. Please wear sturdy shoes and bring a camelback or fanny pack […]
Saturday, September 24th and Sunday, September 25th (two tour alternatives) Meet at the Waterman Restoration Site in Tucson Directions: 19 Miles east of I-10 on Avra Valley Road, turn left at the Pioneer sign, drive one mile ahead and bear left all the way. Please wear sturdy shoes and bring a camelback or fanny pack […]
https://www.borderlandsplants.org
The Arizona Native Plant Society is excited to announce the 19th Annual Arizona Botany Meeting! This year’s theme is Native Plants of Arizona: Exploring the Unique Plants and Ecosystems of our Botanically Diverse State. We are currently accepting abstracts for presentations and posters, to be presented virtually on Saturday, December 3. Submission deadline is October 24 to aznpswhitemountain@gmail.com. […]
Event is listed here: https://fb.me/e/2Ow6Xb4Qe
The fall plant starts on Saturday, October 8 at the Urban Wildlife Conservation Day celebration on the north side of the Rio Salado at Central Avenue. The sale will continue at the Rio Salado Center, while supplies last. See the Audubon Arizona website for full details.
Get some native plants to start or improve your habitat at home and benefit our Sonoran Desert wildlife. Show up at 9 am on Saturday for a garden walk to see some of the sale plants in action! Buy 3 or more plants and receive a FREE desert wildflowers poster! Orange Fall Festival Event Poster […]
A selection of cacti, succulents, perennials, and water-wise plantings well suited for the Tucson area. View the event website for full details.
The Waterman Restoration site is on BLM land on the northern bajada of the Waterman Mountains on Ironwood Forest National Monument. After 12 years of AZNPS effort by members and many volunteers, this location is now moving toward being a stable native Saguaro-Palo Verde Upland habitat.
Saturday, October 15 – 9am to 4pm Sunday, October 16 – 9am to Noon Featuring milkweeds and nectar plants that attract butterflies, hummingbirds, and bees. See the Butterfly Wonderland website for full details.
Join Borderlands Restoration Network on Saturday, October 15 for a tour of the BRN Seed Lab to learn about their seed lab operations and programs, then head out to the beautiful San Rafael Valley to learn about native grasses and their ethical seed collection protocols. Participants will then help collect seeds that will be used […]
Fall Plant Sale at Tohono Chul in Tucson Members’ Preview: Wednesday, October 19 | 9am-3pm General Public: Saturday, October 22 | 9am-3pm Sunday, October 23 | 9am-3pm Fall is the perfect time to get the goods to transform your backyard into a desert oasis thanks to the annual Fall Plant Sale. Each year we host […]
Explore the plant sale and vendors, seek garden advice, and support student-made creations. Plants grown by Maricopa County Master Gardeners, Metro Tech students, and invited growers. Food, crafts, and more from vendors and Metro Tech student clubs. Prize Drawings. Rummage Sale where you can select gently used household items, books, small furniture, garden items for […]
The Arizona Native Plant Society and United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management cordially invite you to join us on Saturday, October 22, 8:30 a.m. at the Waterman Restoration Site, located on the Ironwood Forest National Monument, as we recognize 12 successful years of important restoration work and celebrate National Public Lands […]
Mesquite Pod Milling & Food Safe Processing of Mesquite Flour Learn all about mesquite pod milling, and how to use mesquite pods for value-added mesquite foods and beverages that can be healthier alternatives for sweeteners, flour, and other foods. Participants will have the opportunity to bring their dry pods and learn hands on how operate […]
Watershed Management Group is hosting their 11th annual Desert Home Living Tour on Saturday, October 22rd, in collaboration with the Sierra Club. The tour walks you through creative, sustainable properties in Tucson and the Phoenix Valley.
Southwest Vegetation Management Association (SWVMA) 2022 Annual Conference: Invasive Species Fueling Wildfires See the SWVMA website for full details.
We’ll begin this virtual meeting with 10 minutes of networking and socializing, enabling participants to seek tips and recommendations from members on topics related to native plants. Next, we’ll share Chapter announcements. Then, we’ll feature a presentation by Danielle Carlock, founder of the Maricopa Native Seed Library, followed by Q&A. Danielle will share details about […]
Restoration of a Mesquite Bosque Presented by Gita Bodner
Native Plants of Arizona: Exploring the Unique Plants and Ecosystems of our Botanically Diverse State. Registration is now open! Only $10 gives you all day access to presentations. AZNPS 2022 Botany Meeting Agenda Final 113022
Our speaker will discuss subtropical plant distributions in the Arizona-New Mexico sky islands.
Update on desert conservation Issues, presented by Carolyn Campbell, Executive Director of the Coalition for Sonoran Desert Protection
Contact tontobasinnativeplants@gmail.com for additional information on upcoming events.
Questions: Contact tontobasinnativeplants@gmail.com
Feb 8 NPS Chapter Mtg
Robert Villa will discuss biological diversity in northwestern México, including plants and other organisms of interest.
Phoenix Chapter Treasurer, Danielle Carlock, is presenting about Native Seeds & Pollinators. Additional sessions include: - How to Start a Seed Library - Ask a Seed Librarian - Seeds to Expand Climate Adaptation - Landrace Gardening - Seed Gardens - School Seed Libraries - Seed Exchanges - Seed Saving Basics - Communities Building Mobile Seed […]
Japanese Friendship Garden of Phoenix will partner with the North American Japanese Garden Association on a hands-on Japanese garden workshop that will include: -stone setting -fence building -bench building -flagstone walkways http://najga.org/phxr
Tonto Natural Bridge Park Ranger, Micah Kipple will present “The Great Sympatry: How Similar Species May Be Related, But Different.”
Mills Ridge parking area on FS Road 429 and Highway 188 (Roosevelt Lake) “Sentinels of the Sonoran Desert.”
AZNPS will conduct public tours of the Waterman Restoration site on the first Saturday in March, April, and May. Tours will begin at 8:00 AM and all are welcome. Directions: This site is near Tucson. From I10 proceed exactly 19 miles west on Avra Valley Road (exit 242). Turn left at the Pioneer Sign and […]
The chapter will have a table with some native plants. Show Low Elks Lodge, 805 E Whipple.
Jennifer Patton and Ben Wilder of Wilder Landscape Architects will take you backstage to learn how they subversively integrate native plants and wildlife habitat into a every project they do.
Upper Gila Chapter 3rd Thursdays, 7:00 p.m. Eastern Arizona College, Discovery Park Campus The address will get you as far as the parking lot and main building, but to get to the meeting in the southern building you drive a route that's posted for personnel only so hopefully this map helps. It's possible to park […]
Carrie Cannon will speak about Plants of the Mojave Desert and Traditional Tribal Uses.
1. 9:00 am Meet at the Landing for coffee and logistics. 2. Drive 13.4 miles on I-8 to Exit 159 Ogilby Road. Turn left (south) to an unpaved parking area. This is the first stop to search for wildflowers. See attached checklist of previous collections in the vicinity. 3. Head ~ 8.3 miles north on […]
Chapter Community Service Project at Tonto National Monument: Revegetation and Nonnative Invasive Plant Removal Details TBD
March Meeting: Starting Native Plants Workshop Join us for the first workshop of our new Gardening with Native Plants series! This is for all ages and material will be provided with a hands on workshop. We'll be going over the seed starting basics when it comes to native plants and showing you how to start native […]
Theme: "Cultivating the Restoration Supply Chain." See the Native Seed Network website for more information.
AZNPS will conduct public tours of the Waterman Restoration site on the first Saturday in March, April, and May. Tours will begin at 8:00 AM and all are welcome. Directions: This site is near Tucson. From I-10 proceed exactly 19 miles west on Avra Valley Road (exit 242). Turn left at the Pioneer Sign and […]
Stinknet (Oncosiphon pilulifer) is an invasive plant spreading across southwestern North America. At this virtual symposium, hear from researchers and land mangers in California, Arizona, and Australia about their experiences with managing stinknet, its spread, and its impacts. This event is intended for professional land managers and roadside/ROW workers. This symposium is free and is […]
The Arizona Federation of Garden Clubs Convention features speakers, tours, flower shows, socializing, and shopping. For more information, including registration prices and details, visit the convention's website.
Tonto Natural Bridge - “Plants of Higher Elevations”
2023-Plant-Fest-Flyer-and-Schedule_pdf
Gayle Gratop, Susan Holiday, and Patti VanTuyl will speak on the topic: Gardening with High Elevation Native Plants.
Bill Peachey, a self-described "Saguarodero," will talk about "Things About Saguaros That Your Mother Would Not Tell You." He will present a variety of observations about the saguaro life history drawn from his years of observing these iconic elements of our Sonoran Desert landscape.
Upper Gila Chapter 3rd Thursdays, 7:00 p.m. Eastern Arizona College, Discovery Park Campus The address will get you as far as the parking lot and main building, but to get to the meeting in the southern building you drive a route that's posted for personnel only so hopefully this map helps. It's possible to park […]
Tonto Basin Chamber of Commerce Gila County Extension Agent, Chris Jones, will present “A Noxious Problem: Nonnative Invasive Plants of Tonto Basin.”
We encourage Phoenix Chapter members and nature lovers to participate in the City Nature Challenge 2023! This is a global effort to observe and document as much urban biodiversity as possible. From April 28 to May 1, use iNaturalist to document as many plants, animals, and other living things that you can find. Join the […]
Theme: “On the Horizon: Looking to the Future of Plant Conservation.” Hybrid event, with in-person sessions held at Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix, as well as online presentations. See the Center for Plant Conservation website for more information.
May 5: First Friday Field Trip: “Botany, Burgers and Brews!” Details to be announced.
3 concurrent tracks: Plants and Design, Plant Health, and Water/Urban Landscapes For more details and to register, visit the conference website.
AZNPS will conduct public tours of the Waterman Restoration site on the first Saturday in March, April, and May. Tours will begin at 8:00 AM and all are welcome. Directions: This site is near Tucson. From I-10 proceed exactly 19 miles west on Avra Valley Road (exit 242). Turn left at the Pioneer Sign and […]
Islands of the Sea of Cortés: Plant Dispersal Corridors. Alberto Búrquez will discuss the geology of the Sea of Cortés and the biological processes leading to its unique assemblages of plants and animals on the Midriff Islands.
2nd Annual Native Plant Sale Save the date for our upcoming native plant sale! This time we'll be indoors and away from the high winds. We're partnering up with the wonderful White Mountain Nature Center this year.
Debbie will speak about The Brothers Boutelou and the Grass They Barely Knew: A Journey into Botany, History, Exploration, and Two Remarkable Men
Upper Gila Chapter 3rd Thursdays, 7:00 p.m. Eastern Arizona College Discovery Park Campus 1651 W. Discovery Park Blvd. Safford, AZ 85546 The address will get you as far as the parking lot and main building, but to get to the meeting in the southern building you drive a route that's posted for personnel only so […]
Saturday, June 17th, 7:30 AM - 11:30 AM Natural History Institute hosts a Prescott Chapter of Arizona Native Plant Society field experience to the Alligator Juniper that serves as a Granite Mountain Hotshot crew memorial. Join us on this Father’s Day to visit what is sometimes referred to as the “Grandfather Juniper.” Bring snacks, water […]
Tuesday, June 20, 7:00 PM: LoriAnne Barnett Warren and Madeline Burton. Arizona’s Magnificent Trees The Arizona Magnificent Tree Program, managed by the Arizona Department of Forestry and Fire Management, recognizes trees in our state that are the largest of their species, both here and nationwide, as well as those that have cultural significance to our […]
Saturday, July 15, 8:00 - 1:00 PM Highlands Center for Natural History hosts a Prescott Chapter of Arizona Native Plant Society guided walk and workshop. Learn more about the parsley and carrot plant family with a short stroll followed by a hands-on investigation at the Discovery Gardens ramada. Bring snacks, water and be prepared to […]
